As an example, the M-expression car] is equivalent to the S-expression ( car ( cons A B )). McCarthy's original notation used bracketed " M-expressions" that would be translated into S-expressions. Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp. He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". John McCarthy developed Lisp in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following for instance, a function f that takes three arguments would be called as ( f arg1 arg2 arg3 ).
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All program code is written as s-expressions, or parenthesized lists. The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp. Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. The name LISP derives from "LISt Processor". As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read–eval–print loop.
It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by (though not originally derived from) the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Racket, Common Lisp, Scheme, and Clojure. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language still in common use. Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.
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